Detection efficacy of virtual machine-based analysis with application specific events

ABSTRACT

A computerized system and method is described for classifying objects as malicious by processing the objects in a virtual environment and monitoring behaviors during processing by one or more monitors, where the monitoring is conducted in an electronic device that is different than the electronic device within which an analysis of attributes of the objects is conducted beforehand. The monitors may monitor and record selected sets of process operations and capture associated process parameters, which describe the context in which the process operations were performed. By recording the context of process operations, the system and method described herein improves the intelligence of classifications and consequently reduces the likelihood of incorrectly identifying objects as malware or vice versa.

CROSS-REFERENCE OF RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/043,392 filed Feb. 12, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,916,440 issued Mar. 13, 2018, which is continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/173,765 filed on Feb. 5, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,262,635 issued Feb. 16, 2016. The entire contents of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/173,765 are incorporated by reference herein.

1. FIELD

Embodiments of the disclosure relate to the field of network and cyber security. More specifically, one embodiment of the disclosure relates to a system and method of detecting malicious activity.

2. GENERAL BACKGROUND

Over the last decade, malicious software (malware) has become a pervasive problem for Internet users. In some situations, malware is a program or file that is embedded within downloadable content and designed to adversely influence or attack normal operations of a computer. Examples of different types of malware may include bots, computer viruses, worms, Trojan horses, spyware, adware, or any other programming that operates within an electronic device (e.g., computer, tablet, smartphone, server, router, wearable technology, or other types of electronics with data processing capability) without permission by the user or an administrator.

For instance, content may be embedded within objects associated with a web page hosted by a malicious web site. By downloading this content, malware causing another web page to be requested from a malicious web site may be unknowingly installed on the computer. Similarly, malware may also be installed on a computer upon receipt or opening of an electronic mail (email) message. For example, an email message may contain an attachment, such as a Portable Document Format (PDF) document, with embedded executable malware. Also, malware may exist in files infected through any of a variety of attack vectors, which are uploaded from the infected computer onto a networked storage device such as a file share.

Over the past few years, various types of security appliances have been deployed at different segments of a network. These security appliances use virtual machines to uncover the presence of malware embedded within ingress content propagating over these different segments. In particular, virtual machines (VMs) are equipped to monitor operations performed by ingress content during processing. The security appliances analyze the observed operations in an attempt to identify unexpected or anomalous operations that may indicate exploits. However, this operation monitoring is executed conventionally without knowledge of the context in which these operations are performed. This lack of context may occasionally lead to incorrect classification of ingress content as either benign or malicious, that is, as false negatives or false positives respectively in relation to malware detection. False negatives may result in malware going undetected and, therefore, failures to issue appropriate security alerts to network administrators or security professionals. False positives may result in security alerts issuing too often, raising the possibility that false positives will overshadow and dilute responses to ‘true positives’ and render associated remediation misplaced. In extreme situations, false negatives and false positives may impact system performance.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the invention are illustrated by way of example and not by way of limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which like references indicate similar elements and in which:

FIG. 1 is an exemplary block diagram of a communication system deploying a plurality of malware content detection (MCD) systems communicatively coupled to a management system via a network according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 is an exemplary block diagram of logic employed by an MCD system according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 3 is an example architecture for a virtual machine (VM) instance that is used to dynamically analyze a suspect object according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 4A is an illustrative representation of a data structure as a table, which associates process operations with process parameters for monitored application specific behaviors according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 4B is an illustrative representation of a data structure as a table of events according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5 shows an exemplary method for detecting malware according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6A shows an example user interface for entering information for a suspect object according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6B shows the example user interface of FIG. 6A after a warning message has been returned to a user according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 7 shows a state machine that is associated with a process within the VM instance according to one embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION I. Overview

In one embodiment, a malware content detection (MCD) system is provided that intercepts or otherwise captures objects for analysis. Subsequent to optional static analysis, dynamic analysis may be initiated for a suspect object. During this dynamic analysis, a virtual machine (VM) instance may process (e.g., open, load, detonate, and/or run) the suspect object such that process operations associated with the suspect object are performed. The VM instance is provided with monitors to capture activities and other behaviors of the suspect object during processing, and associate the behaviors with specific processes running within the VM instance. The monitors may inspect predefined sets of process operations and associated process parameters to infer and identify application specific behaviors.

A determined application specific behavior combined with a process identifier may be provided to the analysis engine as an event for classification of a suspect object. For example, the suspect object may be classified as malware, non-malware, or as needing further analysis. A confidence score may be generated in arriving at this classification by the analysis engine. The analysis can compare the captured operations and associated parameters with those expected for the particular process (e.g., computer program or application) to identify application specific behaviors that in some cases may indicate malicious activities (exploits). To that end, the analysis may utilize experiential knowledge and machine learned information regarding operations and associated parameters that may ordinarily be expected for each type of application executed in the virtual machine instance.

In some embodiments, one or more stages of analysis (e.g., three are described below) may be used to arrive at a confidence score for a suspect object. A first analysis stage may compare captured operations and associated parameters with those expected for the relevant process, such as by performing a look-up of the captured operation in a table or other data structure of expected operations (called a “whitelist”), a data structure of anomalous operations (called a “blacklist”), or in both a whitelist and blacklist. The results of the first analysis stage may update an event data structure with all captured or developed event information (including information regarding the flagged operation).

A second analysis stage receives the event data structure associated with each captured event as established by the first analysis stage with its determination of application specific behavior (e.g., a flagged operation). The second analysis stage may use all of the captured events including the flagged operation in a state machine based analysis. In this context, a state machine for a process is a representation of the expected sequencing of events that the process may be expected to yield when monitored. The second analysis stage may identify captured operations that are anomalous (not represented in the state machine), operations that should have been monitored and captured but appear to have been omitted, and operations that occurred out of order. A state machine associated with a process may generate additional events based on a partial match of state machine “states” with the observed events. The second analysis stage may update the event data structure to reflect its results. A suitable state machine representation for a process 203 can be developed through analysis of the process 203 and its expected operations and parameters prior to virtual processing of suspect objects. In some embodiments, the second analysis stage may store information in the event data structure associated with objects, or may simply discard the information related to those benign objects. Accordingly, the second analysis stage may act to filter the suspect objects to those that have a certain likelihood of being classified as malware. The likelihood level may be factory set, user set or dynamically determined, and different likelihood levels may be used based on history of malware detection, network traffic conditions, type of process, or other considerations.

A third analysis stage may use pre-defined rules to determine whether the suspect object should be classified as malware. To that end, the rules used in the third analysis stage may be developed through experiential knowledge and machine learning techniques regarding behaviors of known malware and benign objects processed by applications. The third analysis stage may generate a confidence score (e.g., a weight) for each of the suspect objects related to the probability that it is malicious (e.g., the probability that observed behaviors constitute or are associated with an exploit). The confidence score may be based on the recorded operations and process parameters and corresponding application specific behaviors and events that these operations and process parameters yield. The third analysis stage may use the confidence score for each suspect object (or combine confidence scores for plural objects (e.g., of a flow of related packets)) to yield an overall confidence score. The overall confidence score may also reflect, e.g., be generated based in part on, other scores from other analyses (e.g., static or heuristic analysis of the object). The third analysis stage may use that overall confidence score to classify the suspect object or objects as malware.

Where the overall confidence score is not sufficiently high to classify the suspect object as malware (e.g., above a threshold), the object may be classified as benign or as requiring further forensic analysis. A need for further forensic analysis of the suspect object may be indicated when the analysis has reported an event (including an additional event, e.g., from the second analysis) that suggests further analysis may yield a classification other than benign. Where the suspect object is classified as malware, the MCD system may issue an alert or otherwise report its findings, including its confidence score that led to that classification. Security or network professionals may use the information in the report in deciding on remedial actions to be taken in light of the malware.

Utilizing process parameters that describe the context in which a detected process operation was performed provides greater insight into the characteristics of a suspect object. In particular, the detection of a process operation in a first context may be highly indicative of malware while the detection of the same process operation in a second context may provide little or no support for the classification of the object as malware. This improved insight results in a more accurate classification of the suspect object and a reduced number of malware false positives (FPs) and false negatives (FNs). Malware incorrectly classified in conventional detection systems as malicious (FPs) may not be marked malicious in embodiments of the invention based on application specific behavior. The same goes for malware incorrectly classified in conventional detection systems as non-malicious (FNs).

II. Terminology

In the following description, certain terminology is used to describe aspects of the invention. For example, in certain situations, both terms “logic” and “engine” are representative of hardware, firmware and/or software that is configured to perform one or more functions. As hardware, logic (or engine) may include circuitry having data processing or storage functionality. Examples of such circuitry may include, but are not limited or restricted to a microprocessor, one or more processor cores, a programmable gate array, a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit, wireless receiver, transmitter and/or transceiver circuitry, semiconductor memory, or combinatorial logic.

Logic (or engine) may be in the form of one or more software modules, such as executable code in the form of an executable application, an application programming interface (API), a subroutine, a function, a procedure, an applet, a servlet, a routine, source code, object code, a shared library/dynamic load library, or one or more instructions. These software modules may be stored in any type of a suitable non-transitory storage medium, or transitory storage medium (e.g., electrical, optical, acoustical or other form of propagated signals such as carrier waves, infrared signals, or digital signals). Examples of non-transitory storage media may include, but are not limited or restricted to a programmable circuit; a semiconductor memory; non-persistent storage such as volatile memory (e.g., any type of random access memory “RAM”); persistent storage such as non-volatile memory (e.g., read-only memory “ROM”, power-backed RAM, flash memory, phase-change memory, etc.), a solid-state drive, hard disk drive, an optical disc drive, or a portable memory device. As firmware, the executable code is stored in persistent storage.

The term “object” generally refers to a collection of data, whether in transit (e.g., over a network) or at rest (e.g., stored), often having a logical structure or organization that enables it to be classified for purposes of analysis. During analysis, for example, the object may exhibit a set of expected characteristics and/or, during processing, a set of expected behaviors. The object may also exhibit a set of unexpected characteristics and/or a set of unexpected behaviors that may evidence an exploit or malware and potentially allow the object to be classified as an exploit or malware.

Examples of objects may include one or more flows or a self-contained element within a flow itself. A “flow” generally refers to related packets that are received, transmitted, or exchanged within a communication session. For convenience, a packet is broadly referred to as a series of bits or bytes having a prescribed format, which may include, for example, an HTTP packet, a frame, or a cell.

As an illustrative example, an object may include a set of flows such as (1) a sequence of transmissions in accordance with a particular communication protocol (e.g., User Datagram Protocol (UDP); Transmission Control Protocol (TCP); or Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP); etc.), or (2) inter-process communications (e.g., Remote Procedure Call “RPC” or analogous processes, etc.). Similarly, as another illustrative example, the object may be a self-contained element, where different types of such objects may include an executable file, a non-executable file (such as a document or a dynamically linked library), a Portable Document Format (PDF) file, a JavaScript file, a Zip file, a Flash file, a document (for example, a Microsoft Office® document), an electronic mail (email), a downloaded web page, an instant messaging element in accordance with Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) or another messaging protocol, or the like.

The term “content” generally refers to information transmitted as one or more messages, where each message(s) may be in the form of a packet, a frame, an Asynchronous Transfer Mode “ATM” cell, another object, or any other series of bits having a prescribed format. The content may be received as a data flow.

An “exploit” may be construed broadly as information (e.g., executable code, data, command(s), etc.) that attempts to take advantage of a software vulnerability or user error. Typically, a “vulnerability” is a coding error or artifact of software (e.g., computer program) that allows an attacker to alter legitimate control flow during processing of the software (computer program) by an electronic device, and thus, causes the electronic device to experience undesirable or unexpected behaviors. The undesired or unexpected behaviors may include a communication-based anomaly or an execution-based anomaly, which, for example, could (1) alter the functionality of an electronic device executing application software in a malicious manner; (2) alter the functionality of the electronic device executing that application software without any malicious intent; and/or (3) provide unwanted functionality which may be generally acceptable in another context. To illustrate, a computer program may be considered as a state machine, where all valid states (and transitions between states) are managed and defined by the program, in which case an exploit may be viewed as seeking to alter one or more of the states (or transitions) from those defined by the program.

Malware may be construed broadly as computer code that executes an exploit or otherwise harms or co-opts operation of an electronic device or misappropriates, modifies or deletes data. Conventionally, malware is often said to be designed with malicious intent. An object may constitute or contain malware.

The term “parameter” is often defined as a variable (or, colloquially speaking, a “placeholder”) in a computer program that represents any of a number of different values of data to be provided as input to a function or routine of an application, and may also refer to the value or values themselves. In the following description, unless the context demands otherwise, “parameter” will usually be used to denote the value or values. Accordingly, passing a parameter means to provide an input value to the function. For example, a heuristics engine may pass parameters/messages to a virtual machine manager to identify software profile information associated with a needed virtual machine instance. In another example, an operations/parameters capture (“OPC”) module within a monitor may pass events and/or application specific events to a filtering and reporting module for additional analysis.

The parameters may include various types of data that may be used to detect malicious behavior. For example, in one case an application specific behavior that may be monitored is the loading/running of macros in a Microsoft Office application. Upon detection of a macro in a Microsoft Office application, an OPC module of a monitor may record the specific module that requested the loading/running of the macro (e.g., an address or identifier of the specific module). This data may define parameter data that is recorded and analyzed along with other data (e.g., macro activity) to determine the presence of malware.

In another example, an application specific behavior that may be monitored is the loading/running of a module that processes dynamic content of a PDF document in an Adobe Reader application. Upon detection of dynamic content in an Adobe Reader application, an OPC module of a monitor may record the values of an associated stack trace. This data may define parameter data that is recorded and analyzed along with other data to determine the presence of malware.

The term “transmission medium” is a communication path between two or more systems (e.g., any electronic device with data processing functionality such as, for example, a security appliance, server, mainframe, computer, netbook, tablet, smart phone, router, switch, bridge or router). The communication path may include wired and/or wireless segments. Examples of wired and/or wireless segments include electrical wiring, optical fiber, cable, bus trace, or a wireless channel using infrared, radio frequency (RF), or any other wired/wireless signaling mechanism.

In general, a “virtual machine” (VM) is a simulation of an electronic device (abstract or real) that is usually different from the electronic device conducting the simulation. A VM may be used to provide a sandbox or safe runtime environment separate from a production environment to enable detection of APTs or malware in a safe environment. The VM may be based on specifications of a hypothetical computer or emulate the computer architecture and/or functions of a real world computer.

The term “computerized” generally represents that any corresponding operations are conducted by hardware in combination with software and/or firmware.

Lastly, the terms “or” and “and/or” as used herein are to be interpreted as inclusive or meaning any one or any combination. Therefore, “A, B or C” or “A, B and/or C” mean “any of the following: A; B; C; A and B; A and C; B and C; A, B and C.” An exception to this definition will occur only when a combination of elements, functions, steps or acts are in some way inherently mutually exclusive.

As this invention is susceptible to embodiments of many different forms, it is intended that the present disclosure is to be considered as an example of the principles of the invention and not intended to limit the invention to the specific embodiments shown and described.

III. General Architecture

Referring to FIG. 1, an exemplary block diagram of a communication system 100 deploying a plurality of malware content detection (MCD) systems 110 ₁-110 _(N) (N>1, e.g., N=3) communicatively coupled to a management system 120 via a network 125 is shown. In general, the management system 120 is adapted to manage the MCD systems 110 ₁-110 _(N). For instance, the management system 120 may be adapted to cause malware signatures or patterns generated as a result of malware detection by any of the MCD systems 110 ₁-110 _(N) to be shared with one or more of the other MCD systems 110 ₁-110 _(N), including, for example, where such sharing is conducted on a subscription basis.

Herein, according to this embodiment of the invention, the first MCD system 110 ₁ is an electronic device that is adapted to (i) intercept data traffic that is routed over a communication network 130 between at least one server device 140 and at least one client device 150 and (ii) monitor, in real-time, objects within the data traffic. More specifically, the first MCD system 110 ₁ may be configured to inspect data objects received via the communication network 130 and identify “suspicious” objects. The incoming objects are identified as “suspicious” when it is assessed, with a certain level of likelihood, that at least one characteristic identified during inspection of the objects indicates or is associated with the presence of malware.

Thereafter, the suspicious objects are further analyzed within a virtual machine (VM) execution environment to detect whether the suspicious objects include malware. The VM execution environment may comprise multiple VM instances 196 supporting the same or different software profiles corresponding to multiple intercepted objects from various sources within the communication system 100. The particulars of this malware analysis performed by the VM execution environment are described in further detail below.

The communication network 130 may include a public computer network such as the Internet, in which case an optional firewall 155 (represented by dashed lines) may be interposed between the communication network 130 and the client device 150. Alternatively, the communication network 130 may be a private computer network such as a wireless telecommunications network, a wide area network, or local area network, or a combination of networks.

The first MCD system 110 ₁ is shown as being coupled with the communication network 130 (behind the firewall 155) via a network interface 160. The network interface 160 operates as a data capturing device (referred to as a “tap” or “network tap”) that is configured to receive data traffic propagating to/from the client device 150 and provide at least some of the objects (or a copy thereof) associated with the data traffic to the first MCD system 110 ₁.

In general, the network interface 160 receives and routes objects that are received from and provided to client device 150 normally without an appreciable decline in performance by the server device 140, the client device 150, or the communication network 130. The network interface 160 may intercept any portion of the data traffic, for example, any number of data packets or other objects. Of course, it is contemplated that the first MCD system 110 ₁ may be positioned behind the firewall 155 and in-line with client device 150.

In some embodiments, the network interface 160 may capture metadata from data traffic intended for the client device 150, where the metadata is used to determine whether the data traffic includes any suspicious objects as well as the software profile for such suspicious objects. The metadata may be associated with the server device 140 and/or the client device 150. In other embodiments, a heuristics engine 170 within the first MCD system 110 ₁ may determine the software profile by analyzing the objects and/or metadata associated with the data traffic.

It is contemplated that, for any embodiments where the first MCD system 110 ₁ is implemented as a dedicated appliance or a dedicated computer system, the network interface 160 may include an assembly integrated into the appliance or computer system that includes network ports, a network interface card and related logic (not shown) for connecting to the communication network 130 to non-disruptively “tap” data traffic propagating through firewall 155 and provide the data traffic to the heuristics engine 170. In other embodiments, the network interface 160 can be integrated into an intermediary device in the communication path (e.g., the firewall 155, a router, a switch or another network device) or can be a standalone component, such as an appropriate commercially available network tap. In virtual environments, a virtual tap (vTAP) may be used to intercept traffic from virtual networks.

Referring still to FIG. 1, the first MCD system 110 ₁ may include a heuristics engine 170, a heuristics database 175, a scheduler 180, a storage device 185, an analysis engine 190 (including a process operation analyzer 191, a score generator 192, and a classifier 194), a virtual machine manager (VMM) 193, one or more virtual machine instances 196 (with corresponding monitors 197 and operations/parameters capture modules 198), and a filtering and reporting module 195. In some embodiments, the network interface 160 may be contained within the first MCD system 110 ₁. Also, the heuristic engine 170, the scheduler 180, the analysis engine 190, the VMM 193, the filtering and reporting module 195, and/or the virtual machine instances 196 may be software modules executed by a processor that receives the captured objects, performs malware analysis and is adapted to access one or more non-transitory storage mediums operating as the heuristics database 175 and/or the storage device 185. In some embodiments, the heuristics engine 170 may be one or more software modules executed by a processor, and the scheduler 180, the analysis engine 190, the VMM 193, the filtering and reporting module 195, and/or the virtual machines instances 196 may be one or more software modules executed by a different processor, where the two processors are possibly located at geographically remote locations, and communicatively coupled, for example via a network.

Referring now to FIG. 2, an exemplary block diagram of logic associated with the MCD system 110 ₁ is shown. The MCD system 110 ₁ comprises one or more processors 200 that are coupled to communication interface logic 210 via a first transmission medium 220. Communication interface logic 210 enables communications with other MCD systems 110 ₂-110 _(N), the management system 120, and/or other components on the network 130 or the network 125. According to one embodiment of the disclosure, the communication interface logic 210 may be implemented as a physical interface including one or more ports for wired connectors. Additionally, or in the alternative, the communication interface logic 210 may be implemented with one or more radio units for supporting wireless communications with other electronic devices.

The processor(s) 200 is (are) further coupled to persistent storage 230 via transmission medium 225. According to one embodiment of the disclosure, the persistent storage 230 may include the heuristics engine 170, the analysis engine 190, the VMM 193, the filtering and reporting module 195, the one or more VM instances 196, graphical user interface (GUI) logic 271, and configuration logic 273. Of course, when implemented as hardware, engines 170 and 190, module 195, VMM 193, logic 271 and 273, and VM instance(s) 196 may be implemented separately from the persistent storage 230.

In general, the heuristics engine 170 serves as a filter to permit subsequent malware analysis only on a portion of incoming objects (e.g., those that are “suspicious”), which effectively conserves system resources and provides faster response time in determining the presence of malware within analyzed suspicious objects that are more likely to carry, constitute, or be otherwise associated with malware. As an ancillary benefit in some embodiments, by performing a dynamic or run-time analysis in a virtual environment on only the suspicious incoming objects, such analysis may prove more efficient and effective, and, in some cases, monitoring may continue for a longer duration. This may be important for detecting time-delayed malware-related behaviors.

As illustrated in FIG. 1, the heuristics engine 170 receives one or more incoming objects from the network interface 160 and applies heuristics to determine if any of the objects are suspicious. In other words, one or more checks may be conducted in efforts to detect a particular characteristic that may suggest the object under analysis is potentially malicious, where the object may be classified as “suspicious”. The heuristics applied by the heuristics engine 170 may be based on data and/or rules stored in the heuristics database 175. Also, the heuristics engine 170 may examine the image of the captured objects without processing, executing, and/or opening the captured objects.

As an example, the heuristics engine 170 may examine the metadata or attributes of the captured objects and/or the code image (e.g., a binary image of an executable) to determine whether a certain portion of the captured objects matches or has a high correlation with a predetermined pattern of attributes that is associated with a malicious attack. According to one embodiment of the disclosure, the heuristics engine 170 flags objects from one or more data flows as suspicious after applying this heuristics analysis.

Thereafter, according to one embodiment of the invention, the heuristics engine 170 may be adapted to transmit at least a portion of the metadata or attributes of the suspicious objects to the VMM 193. Such metadata or attributes are used to identify a software profile to be used by a VM instance 196 needed for subsequent malware analysis. In another embodiment of the disclosure, the VMM 193 may be adapted to receive one or more messages (e.g., data packets) from the heuristics engine 170 and analyze the message(s) to identify the software profile information associated with the needed VM instance 196.

For instance, as an illustrative example, a suspicious object under test may include an email message that was generated, under control of Windows® 7 Operating System, using Windows® Outlook 2007, version 12. The email message further includes a Portable Document Format (PDF) attachment in accordance with Adobe® Acrobat®, version 9.0. Upon determining that the email message includes suspicious content, the heuristics engine 170 provides software profile information to identify a particular type/configuration of a VM instance 196 needed to conduct dynamic analysis of the suspicious content. According to this illustrative example, the software profile information would include (1) Windows® 7 Operating System (OS); (2) Windows® Outlook 2007, version 12; and (3) PDF support through Adobe® Acrobat®, version 9.0.

In another embodiment of the disclosure, the heuristics engine 170 may determine the features of the client device 150 that are affected by the data traffic by receiving and analyzing the objects from the network interface 160. The heuristics engine 170 may then transmit the features of the client device 150 to the scheduler 180, the VMM 193, and/or the analysis engine 190.

Upon determination of the proper software profile, the scheduler 180, the VMM 193, and/or the analysis engine 190 may generate, configure, and run a VM instance 196 based on the determined software profile. The VM instance 196 may include one or more processes 203, an operating system component 207, one or more monitors 197 (including an operations/parameters capture module 198), and other components that are required to process the suspect object (and may, in some embodiments simulate the processing environment of the client device 150), and allow dynamic analysis of a suspect object.

In one embodiment, the VM instance 196 mimics the processing environment on the client device 150 such that a dynamic analysis of an object under examination may be performed. By generating a VM instance 196 that simulates the environment on the client device 105, the VM instance 196 allows the suspect object to be processed in a similar fashion as would be processed on the client device 150 without exposing the client device 150 to potential malicious behaviors of a suspect object.

FIG. 3 shows an example architecture for the VM instance 196 that is used to dynamically analyze a suspect object. As shown, the VM instance 196 may include processes 203A and 203B, operating system component 207, and monitors 197A and 197B, and a filtering and reporting module 195.

The processes 203A and 203B may be any instance or component of a computer program. The processes 203A and 203B may be formed by code and instructions that define process operations. Each of the process operations may be performed at various intervals or points in time based on operating parameters, user inputs, or other factors/stimuli. For example, the process 203A may be an Adobe® reader process that defines multiple process operations. The process operations may include a function call, a process or thread lifecycle operation, a module operation, etc.

The monitors 197A and 197B are portions of code that may be injected within the processes 203A and 203B, respectively, for monitoring operations of interest associated with each process 203A and 203B. Although shown and described in relation to the processes 203A and 203B, monitoring may be similarly performed by operating system component 207 within the VM instance 196. In some embodiments, monitors 197 may be placed outside the VM instance 196. For example, monitors 197 may be placed in the VMM 193 for monitoring process operations and associated process parameters. In one embodiment, the VMM 193 may be a combination of hardware, software, and firmware that creates, runs, and controls the VM instance 196.

In any case, the monitors 197A and 197B, (or other monitoring functions, wherever located) include a novel operations/parameters capture (“OPC”) module 198. The OPC module 198 enables the monitors 197A and 197B to inspect or examine operations of the processes 203A and 203B, respectively, during run-time, and capture both the operations and associated parameters for use in malware detection. In some embodiments, the monitors 197A and 197B may be designed or positioned (pre-set) to examine specific, and preferably predefined, operations.

Although described as being inserted during instantiation, in some embodiments, the monitors 197 may be injected/inserted within processes 203 prior to instantiation of the VM instance 196. In this fashion, processes 203 with monitors 197 may be retrieved from storage during instantiation of the VM instance 196 without the need for monitor 197 insertion.

For example, the MCD system 101 ₁ may in some embodiments inject a first monitor 197A into an Adobe® reader process 203A running within a VM instance 196 or may in other embodiments instantiate the VM instance 196 with a first monitor 197A injected into or otherwise located (i.e., positioned) to monitor behaviors of the Adobe® reader process 203A. The first monitor 197A may examine and capture a first set of process operations and process parameters associated, for example, with an Adobe® reader process 203A.

The MCD system 101 ₁ may in some embodiments also inject a second monitor 197B into a Firefox® web-browser process 203B running within the VM instance 196 or may in other embodiments instantiate the VM instance 196 with a second monitor 197B injected into or being otherwise positioned to monitor behaviors of a Firefox® web-browser process 203B. The second monitor 197B may examine and capture a second set of process operations and associated process parameters associated with the Firefox® web-browser process 203B. In this example embodiment, the first and second sets of process operations and associated process parameters may have been preselected for each associated process 203 (e.g., Adobe® reader and Firefox® web-browser) to indicate the occurrence of application specific behaviors.

For example, the processes 203A and 203B may each include the process operations 301A and 301B. In this example, the monitor 197A is preset to monitor process operation 301A based on association with the process 203A. Similarly, the monitor 197B is preset to monitor process operation 301B within the process 203B. The decision on which process operations 301 to monitor may be preconfigured based on known malware. The monitors 197A and 197B may also monitor and record process parameters associated with process operations.

Referring now to FIG. 4A, an exemplary table that associates processes 203 and process operations 301 with process parameters is shown. Each of these process parameters may be examined and recorded upon detection of an associated process operation 301 in a process 203. For example, upon the detection of performance of process operation 301A in process 203A, the monitor 197A may record the status of one or more predefined process parameters that are associated with the process operation 301A and/or the process 203A. The process parameters describe the context in which the process operation 301A was performed. By recording the context of a performed process operation 301, the MCD system 101 ₁ may better analyze suspect objects and reduce the occurrence of false positives of malware. For example, while in certain contexts the performance of the process operation 301A may indicate a malware object, in other contexts the performance of the process operation 301A may not indicate a malware object.

In one embodiment, the monitors 197A and 197B may compare recorded process parameters for a process operation with a set of predefined values, which may be derived through experimentation and/or machine learning. Upon detecting a match between the recorded process parameters and the set of predefined values, the corresponding monitor 197 may flag the process operation and recorded process parameters as an application specific behavior that may be useful in determining whether the suspect object is malware. In other embodiments, the monitors 197 may send all recorded process parameters to logic that performs the foregoing comparison with predefined values. The application specific behavior may be reported to the filtering and reporting module 195 as an event. The event describes the process 203 within which the application specific behavior was detected and the application specific behavior itself.

FIG. 4B depicts an illustrative representation of a data structure, for our purposes, in table form, of seven events as stored in storage device 185 corresponding to seven monitored application specific behaviors numbered ASB 1 through 7, each of which, in turn, corresponds to one of four processes 203A-D. More specifically, as shown in the table of FIG. 4B, for each process 203A-D, a detected process operation 301A-G and a corresponding set of process parameters 1-6 define an application specific behavior 1-7. When combined with a process identifier, these application specific behaviors define events. The application specific behaviors may include the loading of a module within a process 203 (e.g., the loading of a script processing module by an Adobe® reader process or the loading of a macros module by a Microsoft Office® process), a system call by a process 203, etc., where the loading and system call operations, for example, are captured by corresponding monitors 197 pre-set to capture them. These are but examples of the types of operations that may be monitored; other operations may be monitored as will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

Referring back to FIG. 2, in one embodiment, the filtering and reporting module 195 may receive one or more events from separate monitors 197, which have been injected within separate processes 203, components of the operating system component 207, or other portions of the VM instance 196. The filtering and reporting module 195 may store these events in the storage device 185 as shown in FIG. 3. The analysis engine 190 may thereafter access these stored events. In one embodiment, the analysis engine 190 may include a score generator 192 that uses the stored events to determine a score for the associated suspect object, which relates to the probability that the suspect object is a malware object. The analysis engine 190 may also include a classifier 194, which determines a classification for an associated suspect object (e.g., malware or non-malware) based on the score. The classifier 194 may classify the suspect object as malware if the associated score exceeds a first threshold. When the associated score is below the first threshold, the score may be compared against a second lower threshold and the events/application specific behaviors may be analyzed to determine if further analysis is needed for the suspect object. For this, the analysis engine 190 may include a process operation analyzer 191 that analyzes the logged operations and parameters associated with the logged behaviors/events to assess whether the suspect object may be classified as malware based on the process and context that yielded those log entries.

Accordingly, for example, where the suspect object has an associated score of 7 out of 10, and the first threshold is set at 6 out of 10, the suspect object may be classified as malware. Where the suspect object has an associated score of 5 out of 10, and the first threshold is set at 6 out of 10, the suspect object's associated score may be compared against a second threshold and the suspect objects events/application specific behaviors may be analyzed to determine whether the suspect object may be classified as requiring further analysis by the process operation analyzer 191.

As will be described in further detail below, these scores and classifications may be based on traversal of state machines by a state machine based analyzer 303 within the filtering and reporting module 195. In one embodiment, the generated score may be associated with the suspect object, stored in the storage device 185, and reported to a user, a network administrator, and/or a security professional by the reporting module 195.

As described above, the communication system 100 monitors and records process operations and process parameters of an associated process. By selectively recording process operations and process parameters of an associated process within a VM instance 196, the communication system 100 may better understand the context of process operations and generate more intelligent classifications for associated objects.

In some embodiments, the MCD system 101 ₁ may include one or more stages of analysis (e.g., three are described below) in arriving at a confidence score for a suspect object as described above. The analysis stages may be performed in separate analysis engines 190, one per stage, or may be executed by a different number of analysis engines 190 in various embodiments by omitting, combining or dividing steps or stages. The analysis stages may be performed sequentially or concurrently (in an overlapping fashion). The analysis stages may be performed by a single processor or by separate processors, which may be located within the same device or appliance or located remotely from one another, and may communicate over a communication link or network.

Turning now to FIG. 5, a method 500 for detecting malware using a multistage analysis will now be described. Each operation of the method 500 may be performed by one or more components of the MCD system 110 ₁ described above. For example, the operations of the method 500 may be performed by the heuristics engine 170, the VM instance 196, the VMM 193, the analysis engine 190, and the filtering and reporting module 195. In other embodiments, the operations of the method 500 may be performed in full or in part by other components of the communication system 100 shown in FIG. 1.

The method 500 may commence at operation 501 with receipt of a suspect object to be analyzed. The suspect object may be intercepted by the network interface 160 and passed (or copied and passed) to the MCD system 110 ₁ for analysis. In another embodiment, an anti-malware system running on the client device 150 may periodically or aperiodically (i.e., from time to time) and without direct provocation by the user intercept and transmit an object to the MCD system 110 ₁ for processing and analysis. This independent interception and analysis of objects allows the client device 150 to maintain an automatic examination of potential malware content received without direct interaction by a user.

In another embodiment, a user of the client device 150 may submit objects through a user interface. The interface may be generated by the GUI logic 271 and served to the client device 150 by the configuration logic 273 of the MCD system 110 ₁. In this fashion, the MCD system 110 ₁ may operate as a web-server to deliver data and a user interface to the client device 150.

FIG. 6A shows a web-interface 600 for submitting objects to the MCD system 110 ₁ for analysis according to one embodiment. In this example interface 600, a user may direct a web-browser running on the client device 150 to view the web-interface 600. The user may thereinafter enter the address/location of an object into the web-interface 600 using the address input field 601 and the “BROWSE” button 603. The entered address indicates the location of the object in storage on the client device 150 or on a remote device (e.g., stored on a website). After selection of an object for analysis, the user may submit the selected object for analysis by selecting the “ANALYZE” button 605 in the web-interface 600. The selected object may be transmitted from the client device 150 such that it is received by the MCD 110 ₁ for processing as described above at operation 501.

In one embodiment, the object received/intercepted at operation 501 may be any digital data structure. For example, the object may be a file (e.g., PDF document), a component of a file, a component of a web page, an image, a series of captured network/web traffic that is capable of being replayed, etc. As described above, a user of the client device 150 may manually determine that an object is suspected to be malware or the client device 150 may automatically classify the object as potential/suspected malware and transmit the object to the MCD system 110 ₁.

Referring back to FIG. 5, although described in relation to receiving a single object, in other embodiments, the method 500 may be used in relation to multiple objects received simultaneously or in rapid succession. For example, the method 500 may be used to analyze multiple objects (or a flow) received from the client device 150 or other devices on the network 130. The objects may be processed by the method 500 separately to determine whether each received object is malware based on detected operations and associated process parameters as described in greater detail below.

Following interception and/or receipt of an object, operation 503 may perform a static analysis on the received object using the heuristics engine 170 and/or the heuristics database 175. As described above, this static analysis filters for content that is suspected to contain malware code. In general, this static analysis filtering serves to permit subsequent dynamic malware analysis only on a portion of incoming content, which effectively conserves system resources and provides faster response time in determining the presence of malware within analyzed content. When the object being analyzed is not suspected at operation 503 to be malware, operation 509 may permit the intercepted/received object to reach the client device 150 or, where the heuristic analysis is performed on a copy, to discard the copy and otherwise terminate the method 500 for this object and permit the client device 150 to proceed as normal. Conversely, when operation 505 determines that the object may be malicious based on the static analysis performed at operation 503, one or more stages of a dynamic analysis may be performed on the suspect object as described below at operation 507.

The dynamic analysis performed at operation 507 may include the use of the VM instance 196 to process the suspect object. In one embodiment, one or more monitors 197 are injected into or reside in components of the VM instance 196 (e.g., processes 203, etc.), or are otherwise positioned within the VM instance 196 so as to be able to monitor processing of the suspect object. More specifically, the monitors 197 monitor a predefined set of process operations and associated process parameters of their associated process. Utilizing process parameters that describe the context in which a detected process operation was performed allows the dynamic analysis greater insight into the characteristics of the suspect object. This improved insight results in a more accurate classification of the suspect object and a reduced number of malware false positives.

As shown in FIG. 5, the dynamic analysis may commence at sub-operation 507A with the determination of a software profile for the client device 150. This “software profile” includes information that is used for virtualization of the client device 150, which was intended to receive the suspect object, or simply a processing environment required to process the suspect object. The software profile may include a guest operating system “OS” type and/or version; application type(s) and version(s); virtual device(s), etc. The software profile may be determined at sub-operation 507A by examining the suspect object, other content intended for the client device 105, and/or content transmitted from the client device 150.

Following sub-operation 507A, sub-operation 507B instantiates the VM instance 196 based on the determined software profile. The VM instance 196 may include an operating system component 207, one or more processes 203, and other components that simulate the processing environment. By generating and configuring the VM instance 196 to simulate the environment on the client device 150, the method 500 allows the suspect object to be processed without exposing the client device 150 to potential malicious behaviors.

Upon instantiating/running the VM instance 196, sub-operation 507C injects one or more monitors 197 into one or more components of the VM instance 196. For example, as shown in FIG. 3, the monitors 197A and 197B may be injected within the processes 203A and 203B, respectively. Although shown and described in relation to the processes 203A and 203B, the monitoring may be similarly performed by components of an operating system component 207 within the VM instance 196. In one embodiment, the monitors 197 are portions of code that monitor operations of interest associated with components of the VM instance 196 and record associated process parameters. For example, in the example shown in FIG. 3, the monitors 197A and 197B have been inserted within the processes 203A and 203B, respectively. The monitors 197 may be associated with a set of predefined process operations and associated process parameters that are to be monitored by each respective monitor 197 within the associated processes. The predefined process operations and associated process parameters may be preselected based on known malware and exploits.

Although described as being inserted during/after instantiation, in some embodiments, the monitors 197A and 197B may be injected/inserted within processes 203A and/or 203B or components of the operating system component 207 prior to instantiation of the VM instance 196. For example, the monitors 197A and 197B may reside within the computer programs such as computer applications or operating systems or virtual machine managers for use in instantiating a VM instance 196. In this fashion, processes 203 (or the computer programs) with the monitors 197A and 197B already inserted may be retrieved from storage during instantiation of the VM instance 196 without the need for the monitors 197A and 197B to be inserted at sub-operation 507C.

Continuing with the dynamic analysis, at sub-operation 507D, the suspect object is detonated, opened, run, or otherwise processed within the VM instance 196. Sub-operation 507D may include the processing of the suspect object by one or more components of the VM instance 196 (e.g., one or more of the processes 203A and 203B or an operating system component 207). For example, when the suspect object is a PDF file, an Adobe® reader process may be used to open the suspect object. Opening the PDF file using the Adobe® reader process allows the suspect object to perform process operations and alter process parameters associated with the suspect object such that further analysis may be performed regarding potential malicious code/content contained within the suspect object.

At sub-operation 507E, each of the injected monitors 197 attempts to detect an associated process operation. As noted above, each monitor 197 monitors a different set of process operations based on their associated process 203 within the VM instance 196. In some embodiments, the process operations monitored by each monitor 197 may overlap. In one embodiment, process operations are detected through the use of hooks, which intercept function calls or messages generated by corresponding process operations during their performance.

Upon detection of a process operation by a monitor 197 at sub-operation 507E, sub-operation 507F may record the values of one or more process parameters associated with the detected process operation. As described above, FIG. 4A shows a table that associates process operations with process parameters. Each of these process parameters may be examined and recorded upon detection of an associated process operation at sub-operation 507F. For example, upon the detection of performance of process operation 301A, the monitor 197A may record the status of one or more predefined process parameters that are associated with the process operation 301A and/or the process 203A. The process parameters describe the context with which the process operation was performed. For example, the process parameters may describe modules operating within the VM instance 196 and/or data loaded into memory when the process operation was detected at sub-operation 507E. By recording the context of a performed process operation, the method 500 may better analyze suspect objects and reduce the occurrence of false positives of malware. For example, while in certain contexts the performance of the process operation 301A may indicate a malware object, in other contexts the performance of the process operation 301A may not indicate a malware object.

Following recordation of process parameters for a detected process operation, one or more stages of analysis may be performed for the suspect object. For example, a first stage of analysis may be performed at sub-operation 507G. During this first stage of analysis, operations and associated parameters may be compared with those expected for the relevant process, such as by performing a look-up of the captured operation in a table or other data structure of expected operations (called a “whitelist”) for the process. Other embodiments may perform a look-up in a data structure of anomalous operations (called a “blacklist”), or in both a whitelist and blacklist. Suspicious operations are those not matching whitelist entries or those matching blacklist entries, depending on the embodiment. The first analysis stage may be performed by logic located within or associated with a monitor 197 (e.g., the OPC module 198). Since the monitor 197 may avail itself of such logic, it may be referred to herein as an “inference monitor.” The results of the first analysis stage may update a corresponding event data structure with all captured or developed event information (including information regarding the flagged operation and an associated application specific event), which may be arranged and accessed, for example, by a process identifier and/or an event identifier. The event data structure may be located in a local storage device (e.g., the storage device 185) or in a central or remote storage device.

Following sub-operation 507G, a second stage of the analysis may be performed at sub-operation 507H. The second stage of analysis may receive the event data structure associated with each captured event as established by the first analysis stage with its determination of application specific behavior (e.g., a flagged operation). The second analysis stage may use all of the captured events including the flagged operation in a state machine based analysis. In this context, a state machine for a process 203 is a representation of the expected sequencing of events that the process 203 may be expected to yield when monitored. For example, FIG. 7 shows a state machine 700 that is associated with a process 203 within the VM instance 196. The state machine 700 may be composed of a set of states 701A-701F respectively associated with events 1-6 as shown. Using the example provided above, the state machine 700 may be associated with an Adobe® reader process 203.

The second analysis stage may identify captured operations that are anomalous (not represented in the state machine), operations that should have been monitored and captured but appear to have been omitted, and operations that occurred out of order. These identified operations and anomalous occurrences may include the flagged operation as well as one or more additional captured operations that appear anomalous based on the state machine analysis (even if they were not flagged in the first analysis stage). The state machine associated with the process 203 may generate additional events based on a partial match of state machine “states” with the observed events. The second analysis stage may update the event data structure to reflect its results. A suitable state machine representation for a process 203 can be developed through analysis of the process 203 and its expected operations and parameters prior to virtual processing of suspect objects. In some embodiments, the second analysis stage may store information in the event data structure associated with objects, or may simply discard the information related to those benign objects. Accordingly, the second analysis stage may act to filter the suspect objects to those that have a certain likelihood of being classified as malware. The likelihood level may be factory set, user set or dynamically determined, and different likelihood levels may be used based on history of malware detection, network traffic conditions, type of process, or other considerations. The second analysis stage may be performed by the state machine based analyzer 303 that resides within the filtering and reporting module 195. The filtering and reporting module 195 may be located within the virtual machine instance 196, within an associated virtual machine manager (VMM) 193 of the MCD system 101 ₁ or within a controller external to the virtual machine instance 196 and the VMM 193, depending on the embodiment. Other forms of analysis may be used in substitution for or in addition to the state machine analysis to filter the captured operations.

Following sub-operation 507H, a third stage of the analysis may be performed at sub-operation 507I. This third analysis stage may obtain an event data structure directly from the second stage or by accessing a memory or other storage device that stores the event data structure (e.g., the storage device 185). The third analysis stage may use pre-defined rules to determine whether the suspect object should be classified as malware. To that end, the rules used in the third analysis stage may be developed through experiential knowledge and machine learning techniques regarding behaviors of known malware and benign objects processed by applications. The third analysis stage may generate a confidence score (e.g., a weight) for each of the suspect objects related to the probability that the suspect object is malicious (e.g., the probability that observed behaviors constitute or are associated with an exploit). The third analysis stage may use the confidence score for each suspect object (or combine confidence scores for plural objects (e.g., of a flow of related packets)) to yield an overall confidence score. The overall confidence score may also reflect, e.g., be generated based in part on, other scores from other analyses (e.g., static or heuristic analysis of the object). The third analysis stage may use that overall confidence score to classify the suspect object or objects as malware. In one embodiment, this confidence score is generated by the score generator 192.

Where the overall confidence score is not sufficiently high to classify the suspect object as malware (e.g., above a threshold), the object may be classified as benign or as requiring further forensic analysis. This classification and score may be reported to a user, a network administrator, and/or a security professional at operation 507J. When the object is classified as benign, the intercepted/received object may be permitted to reach the client device 150 or, where the analysis is performed on a copy, to discard the copy and otherwise terminate the method 500 for this object and permit the client device 150 to proceed as normal. A need for further forensic analysis of the suspect object may be indicated when the analysis has reported an event (including an additional event, e.g., from the second analysis) that suggests further analysis may yield a classification other than benign.

Where the suspect object is classified as malware, the MCD system 101 ₁ may issue an alert or otherwise report its findings, including its confidence score that led to that classification at operation 507J. Security or network professionals may use the information in the report in deciding on remedial actions to be taken in light of the malware.

Utilizing process parameters that describe the context in which a detected process operation was performed provides greater insight into the characteristics of a suspect object. In particular, the detection of a process operation in a first context may be highly indicative of malware while the detection of the same process operation in a second context may provide little or no support for the classification of the object as malware. This improved insight results in a more accurate classification of the suspect object and a reduced number of malware false positives (FPs) and false negatives (FNs). Malware incorrectly classified in conventional detection systems as malicious (FPs) may not be marked malicious in embodiments of the invention based on application specific behavior. The same goes for malware incorrectly classified in conventional detection systems as non-malicious (FNs).

The embodiments of the invention can be further understood through the following examples that illustrate the benefits of using application specific behavior to provide context for classifying suspect objects.

“Malware to Non-malware” Example

Monitors 197 capture operations performed by an application being processed (i.e., a process 203) and assess these operations in light of those expected for the application (i.e., application specific behavior). Though suspicious in some contexts (e.g., if dynamic content were loaded), the operations are not suspicious for the process 203 running. The captured information (regarding the process 203, operations, and parameters as obtained by the monitors 197) is passed to the filtering and reporting module 195. In some embodiments, the filtering and reporting module 195 decides against conducting a state machine analysis and the event is dropped from further analysis. In other embodiments, the event is subjected to state machine analysis, where either (i) the benign characterization of the object may be confirmed and the event then dropped from further analysis (filtered out) and not reported out by the filtering and reporting module 195 to the analysis engine 190, or (ii) the event information for the object is stored in a storage device (e.g., the storage device 185) with a likely low level of suspicion (e.g., low weight or score). The analysis engine 190 (and specifically, its classification logic, classifier 194, or score generator 192) may generate an overall score for a suspect object based on events from the filtering and reporting module 195 and compare this score to a threshold, and may determine that the threshold was not met so the object should be classified as non-malware. In other words, practice of the invention in this embodiment may result in the MCD system 101 ₁ assigning a weight or score in light of the application being run and its analysis of the observed operations and parameters that may have the effect of classifying the object as non-malicious where, without the contribution of the context information, the object may have been falsely designated as malicious (false positive).

“Requires Further Analysis” Example

Monitors 197 observe a potential heap spray operation, but conditions make the characterization of the type of operation less than certain. This information is passed to the filtering and reporting module 195. State machine analysis sees dynamic content of a PDF document was loaded in an Adobe Reader application, but a decision is made that the observed operations are not enough to classify the object as malware. In the light of the loading of dynamic content (which is a known vehicle for exploits), the filtering and reporting module 195 generates an additional event related to that operation after matching observed events against states of the state machine, and stores the event in the storage device 185. If the analysis engine 190 assigns an overall confidence score to the object that is below the threshold to classify the object as malicious and one or more additional events are received from the filtering and reporting module 195, the analysis engine 190 may be in a position to classify the object as requiring further analysis, perhaps with longer analysis in virtual machine instance 196. Consequently, the practice of the invention in this embodiment may result in the system 101 ₁ assigning a weight or score in light of the application being run and its analysis of the observed operations and parameters that may have the effect of raising the probability that the object is malware, and possibly classifying the object as requiring further analysis, where, without the contribution of the context information (e.g., dynamic content of a PDF document loaded in an Adobe Reader application), the object may have been falsely designated as non-malicious (potential false negative, depending on the outcome of the further analysis).

“Non-Malware to Malware” Example

Monitors 197 observe operations including crashing of an application during processing within the virtual machine instance 196, and determine that crashing of the particular application is unusual or unexpected absent malware. (Some applications are known to crash frequently for non-malicious reasons (e.g., coding issues) so crashing in and of itself may actually be deemed expected). The monitors 197 pass this information to the filtering and reporting module 195. The state machine analysis determines that certain operations performed prior to the application crashing support the conclusion that the object is at least suspicious. The filtering and reporting module 195 stores this information along with an event score in the storage device 185. The analysis engine 190 classifies the object as malware, based on a total score for the object being over a malware threshold. Accordingly, the practice of the invention in this embodiment may result in the system 101 ₁ assigning a weight or score in light of the application being run and its analysis of the observed operations and parameters that may have the effect of raising the probability that the object is malware, and possibly classifying the object as malware where, without the contribution of the context information, the object may have been falsely designated as non-malicious (potential false negative). For example, process parameters may indicate that macros were loaded in a Microsoft Office application. In this case, tracking macro activity allows deeper inspection of an associated object. Accordingly, the object may be classified/reclassified as malicious and a false negative may be avoided.

As described above, the method 500 and system 101 ₁ monitors and records process operations and process parameters using one or more monitors 197 within a VM instance 196. By selectively recording process operations and process parameters within a VM instance 196, the method 500 and system 101 ₁ may better understand the context of process operations and generate more intelligent classifications for associated objects. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A computerized method, comprising: monitoring a first set of process operations associated with an object being analyzed for subsequent classification of the object as malicious or benign, information associated with the first set of process operations being stored as part of an event data structure; capturing one or more process parameters associated with at least a first process operation of the first set of process operations, wherein the one or more process parameters describe a context in which the first process operation is performed; conducting a first analysis stage by at least comparing a combination of the first process operation and the one or more process parameters with each of a plurality of combinations of a process operation and its corresponding process parameters, wherein the plurality of combinations comprises at least one of (i) a first set of expected process operations and process parameters, or (ii) a second set of anomalous process operations and process parameters, and responsive to the first process operation and the one or more process parameters matching any combination of a process operation and its corresponding process parameters from the plurality of combinations, identifying the first process operation as malicious or as benign; and conducting a second analysis stage by determining, based on each process operation of the first set of process operations and one or more corresponding parameters, including the first process operation and the one or more process parameters describing a context in which the first process operation is performed, whether (i) the first process operation is anomalous or (ii) one or more process operations has been omitted from the first set of process operations or (iii) one or more process operations of the first set of process operations has occurred out of order.
 2. The computerized method of claim 1, wherein the monitoring of the first set of process operations and the capturing of the one or more process parameters is conducted during run-time of the object in a safe runtime environment.
 3. The computerized method of claim 2, wherein the safe runtime environment is a virtual machine.
 4. The computerized method of claim 3, wherein prior to both the monitoring of the first set of process operations and the capturing of the one or more process parameters associated with at least the first process operation, the method further comprises placing one or more monitors at one or more particular locations within software associated with the virtual machine to monitor the first process operation and to capture the one or more process parameters.
 5. The computerized method of claim 2, wherein a process including the first process operation is an instance of a software program.
 6. The computerized method of claim 1, wherein the first process operation includes a function call.
 7. The computerized method of claim 1, wherein the one or more process parameters identify a context in which the first process operation is performed to increase an accuracy of classifying the object as malware.
 8. The computerized method of claim 1, wherein the one or more process parameters matching the expected process parameters when a prescribed degree of correlation exists between the one or more process parameters and the expected process parameters.
 9. The computerized method of claim 1 further-comprising: updating the event data structure to include captured process operations each corresponding to an event and associated process parameters associated with each captured process operation including the one or more process parameters associated with at least the first process operation of the first set of process operations.
 10. The computerized method of claim 9 comprising: identifying the one or more omitted process operations from the first set of process operations based on a state machine for a process being a representation of an expected sequencing of process operations that the process is expected to yield when monitored; generating any additional process operations corresponding to one or more of the one or more omitted process operations based on the partial match of the expected sequencing of process operations to the first set of process operations; and updating the event data structure with information associated with the additional process operations.
 11. The computerized method of claim 9 further comprising: identifying whether omitted events have occurred in an order different than an expected sequencing of process operations; generating any additional events corresponding to the one or more omitted events based on the partial match of the expected sequencing of events to the events associated with the process; and updating the event data structure with the information associated with the additional events.
 12. The computerized method of claim 1, wherein the conducting of the first analysis stage further comprises: responsive to the first process operation and the one or more process parameters failing to match any combination of the first set of expected process operations and process parameters and the second set of anomalous process operations and process parameters, identifying the first process operation and the one or more parameters as suspicious.
 13. The computerized method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of combinations comprises the first set of expected process operations and process parameters operating as a whitelist.
 14. The computerized method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of combinations comprises the second set of anomalous process operations and process parameters operating as a blacklist.
 15. The computerized method of claim 1, wherein the one or more process parameters describes a context in which the first process operation is performed and provide insight into characteristics of the object.
 16. The computerized method of claim 1, wherein the determining whether the first process operation is anomalous comprises determining whether the first process operation constitutes an unexpected operation.
 17. The computerized method of claim 1, wherein the determining whether the one or more process operations has been omitted comprises determining the one or more process operations that should have been monitored during the monitoring operation and the monitoring of the one or more operations appears to have been omitted.
 18. The computerized method of claim 1, wherein the conducting of the second stage analysis further comprises generating additional process operations based on a partial match of the first set of process operations.
 19. The computerized method of claim 1 further comprising: conducting a third analysis stage to generate a confidence score associated with the object from analyses conducted at the first analysis stage and the second analysis stage, the confidence score being associated with a probability of the object being malicious and the confidence score being used to classify the object as malware.
 20. The computerized method of claim 1, wherein the one or more parameters associated with the first process operation includes data for use in detecting malicious behavior.
 21. The computerized method of claim 1, wherein the one or more parameters associated with the first process operation includes data that identifies a loading or running a macro.
 22. An electronic device comprising: one or more hardware processors; and a memory including one or more software modules including that, when executed by the one or more hardware processors: a first software module that, when executed by the one or more hardware processors, (i) monitors a first set of process operations associated with an object being analyzed for subsequent classification of the object as malicious or benign, information associated with the first set of process operations being stored as part of an event data structure and (ii) captures one or more process parameters associated with at least a first process operation of the first set of process operations, wherein the one or more process parameters describe a context in which the first process operation is performed, a second software module that, when executed by the one or more hardware processors, compares a combination of the first process operation and the one or more process parameters with each of a plurality of combinations of a process operation and its corresponding process parameters, where the plurality of combinations comprises at least one of (i) a first set of expected process operations and process parameters, or (ii) a second set of anomalous process operations and process parameters, a third software module that, when executed by the one or more hardware processors and in response to the first process operation and the one or more process parameters matching any combination of a process operation and its corresponding process parameters of the plurality of combination, identifies the first process operation as malicious or benign; and a fourth software module that, when executed by the one or more hardware processors, determines based on each process operation of the first set of process operations and one or more corresponding parameters, including the first process operation and the one or more process parameters describing a context in which the first process operation is performed, whether (i) the first process operation is anomalous, or (ii) one or more process operations have been omitted from the first set of process operations, or (iii) one or more process operations of the first set of process operations has occurred out of order.
 23. The electronic device of claim 22, wherein the first software module to monitor the first set of process operations and capture the one or more process parameters during run-time of the object in a safe runtime environment.
 24. The electronic device of claim 23, wherein the safe runtime environment is a virtual machine.
 25. The electronic device of claim 24, wherein prior to operations conducted by the first software module and the second software module, the first process operation and one or more process parameters are pre-selected based on a location within the virtual machine in which one or more monitors applied to the virtual machine is located.
 26. The electronic device of claim 23, wherein a process including the first process operation being an instance of a software program.
 27. The electronic device of claim 22, wherein the first process operation includes a function call.
 28. The electronic device of claim 22, wherein the one or more process parameters identify a context in which the first process operation is performed to increase an accuracy of classifying the object as malware.
 29. The electronic device of claim 22, wherein the one or more process parameters matching the expected process parameters when a prescribed degree of correlation exists between the one or more process parameters and the expected process parameters.
 30. The electronic device of claim 22, wherein the memory further comprising: a fifth software module that, when executed by the one or more hardware processors, (i) performs an analysis to identify the one or more omitted process operations from the first set of process operations for a process being a representation of an expected sequencing of events that the process is expected to yield when monitored, (ii) generates any additional process operations based on a partial match of the expected sequencing of process operations to process operations associated with the process, and (iii) updates the event data structure to include the additional process operations.
 31. The electronic device of claim 22, wherein the memory further comprising: a fifth software module that, when executed by the one or more hardware processors, (i) performs an analysis to identify whether any of the first set of process operations associated with a process have occurred in an order different than an expected sequencing of process operations, (ii) generates any additional process operations based on a partial match of the expected sequencing of process operations to the first set of process operations associated with the process, and (iii) updates the event data structure to include the additional process operations.
 32. The electronic device of claim 22, wherein the third software module is further configured to, in response to the first process operation and the one or more process parameters failing to match any combination of the first set of expected process operations and process parameters or the second set of anomalous process operations and process parameters, identifying the first process operation and the one or more parameters as suspicious.
 33. The electronic device of claim 22, wherein the plurality of combinations comprises the first set of expected process operations and process parameters operating as a whitelist.
 34. The electronic device of claim 22, wherein the plurality of combinations comprises the second set of anomalous process operations and process parameters operating as a blacklist.
 35. The electronic device of claim 22, wherein the one or more process parameters associated with the first process operation describes a context in which the first process operation is performed and provide insight into characteristics of the object.
 36. The electronic device of claim 22, wherein the fourth software module is configured to determine whether the first process operation is anomalous by at least determining whether the first process operation constitutes an unexpected operation.
 37. The electronic device of claim 22, wherein the fourth software module is configured to determine whether the one or more process operations have been omitted by at least determining at least one process operation that should have been monitored during the monitoring operation and the monitoring of the at least operation appears to have been omitted.
 38. The electronic device of claim 22, wherein the fourth software module is configured to further generate additional process operations based on a partial match of the first set of process operations.
 39. The electronic device of claim 22, wherein the memory further comprising: a fifth software module being configured to generate a confidence score associated with the object from analyses conducted by at least the fourth software module, the confidence score being associated with a probability of the object being malicious and the confidence score being used to classify the object as malware.
 40. The electronic device of claim 22, wherein the one or more parameters associated with the first process operation includes data for use in detecting malicious behavior.
 41. The electronic device of claim 22, wherein the one or more parameters associated with the first process operation includes data that identifies a loading or running a macro. 